Blood transports many substances through the body, including gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Water is the main component of blood. Explain how the properties of water allow the blood circulatory system of mammals to function.

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2(b)Blood Clotting Oxygen TransportEasy2 marks

State two different ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. 1 2

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2(c)(i)Proteins Amino AcidsHard4 marks

Myoglobin is a protein that binds to oxygen. Myoglobin is found in muscle tissues. Figure 2.1 is a ribbon diagram showing the structure of myoglobin.

Figure 2.1, a ribbon diagram of the myoglobin molecule: a single globular polypeptide built almost entirely from packed alpha-helices (shown as grey coiled ribbons), with a disc-shaped haem group (drawn in ball-and-stick style with a central iron atom) buried in a pocket near the middle of the molecule; the polypeptide's N-terminus is labelled NH$_{2}$ and its C-terminus is labelled HOOC

Describe similarities and differences between the structure of the myoglobin molecule shown in Figure 2.1 and the structure of a haemoglobin molecule.

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2(c)(ii)Blood Clotting Oxygen TransportMedium2 marks

Contracting muscles have a high requirement for oxygen, which is supplied to muscle cells by the haemoglobin in red blood cells. Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. Suggest why it is important for muscle function that myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin.

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