May/June 2026 Paper 43

2026 · 10 questions · 31 parts · 100 marks

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9(a)Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron TransportHard4 marks
The structure of a mitochondrion is related to its function in respiration. Figure 9.1 is a diagram of a mitochondrion.
Figure 9.1, a diagram of a mitochondrion in longitudinal section, labelled with: the outer membrane forming the smooth outer boundary; the inner membrane, folded inward to form finger-like cristae; the intermembrane space, the narrow gap between outer and inner membranes; the matrix, the fluid interior enclosed by the inner membrane; and several small circles labelled DNA, scattered within the matrix.
With reference to Figure 9.1, outline the relationship between the structure and function of a mitochondrion in respiration.

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9(b)Specialised Cells TissuesMedium3 marks
Table 9.1 shows the mean percentage of cell volume occupied by mitochondria in three different cell types. Table 9.1
cell typemean percentage of cell volume occupied by mitochondria
heart muscle cell48
liver cell17
red blood cell0
Suggest why the three cell types shown in Table 9.1 have different mean percentages of cell volume occupied by mitochondria.

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9(c)Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron TransportMedium3 marks
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate which, in aerobic conditions, can enter the mitochondrion. Outline how a molecule of glucose is converted to molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis.

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