May/June 2026 Paper 11

2026 · 40 questions · 40 parts · 40 marks

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17Cell MembranesMedium1 mark
The diagram shows the structure of the cell surface membrane.
Cross-section of the cell surface membrane's phospholipid bilayer. R labels the branched carbohydrate chain attached to a protein near the top of the membrane. A curly bracket labelled S spans the full thickness of the bilayer, from the outer row of phospholipid heads to the inner row. T labels a small molecule with four fused rings (a steroid, i.e. cholesterol) embedded among the phospholipid tails. U labels a large boot-shaped integral protein, with a paler shaded strip down its centre, spanning the membrane.
Which molecules regulate the fluidity of the membrane?